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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their only real purpose is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with highly altered powerful jaws therefore enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, like juveniles, they are fed by employees.5556 Fontanelles, simple holes in the forehead which exude defensive secretionsare a feature of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species have been readily identified using the qualities of the soldiers' larger and darker head and large mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers can use their globular (phragmotic) heads to block their narrow tunnels.58 Different sorts of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers are able to spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes in their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation plays an important part in nasute nutrition.60.

The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a prosperous female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of the queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of the year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.

A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others may further moult to become soldiers alates.

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Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are entirely female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.

Depending on species, male and female employees may have different functions in a termite colony.63.

The life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and undergo a series of moults as they grow.

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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time frame depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed them, but employees also get involved in the social life of their colony and have certain other tasks to accomplish such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.

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Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower degree of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than workers, soldiers and nymphs.69 The lower levels of damage appear to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.

Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate men and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a place. When they do, they excavate a chamber big enough for both, shut up the entrance and move to partner.70 After mating, the pair never go outdoors and spend the rest of their lives in the nest.

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By way of example, alates in certain species appear during the daytime in summer while some emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm find more information around areas with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the larger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.

The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several years old.53 At adulthood, a main queen has a fantastic capability to lay eggs. In certain species, the adult queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and might create 40,000 eggs per day.72 Both adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times greater than prior to mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant employees offer assistance.

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